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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Updated: Jun 8, 2025

Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders
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Olfactory Development and Dysfunction: Involvement of Microglia.

Sarah J Meller1,2,3, Charles A Greer1,2,3

  • 1Departments of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States.

Physiology (Bethesda, Md.)
|November 5, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microglia, the brain's immune cells, may play a key role in olfactory deficits across various diseases. Their involvement in immune responses could impact olfactory system development and function.

Keywords:
developmentdiseaseimmune systemmicrogliaolfaction

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Olfactory deficits are common in neurological, neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, and viral diseases.
  • Microglia are central to the brain's immune responses and homeostasis.
  • The olfactory system's unique vulnerability and developmental characteristics warrant investigation into microglial roles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential involvement of microglia in olfactory development.
  • To investigate the role of microglia in olfactory loss associated with disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on microglia, olfactory system development, and disease-related olfactory loss.
  • Analysis of the mechanisms by which microglial immune responses might affect olfactory neurogenesis and neuronal migration.

Main Results:

  • Microglia-mediated immune responses are a potential shared feature underlying olfactory loss across diverse conditions.
  • Microglial activity during development may significantly influence the olfactory system's vulnerability and plasticity.

Conclusions:

  • Microglia are implicated in both the development and pathology of the olfactory system.
  • Understanding microglial involvement offers potential therapeutic targets for olfactory dysfunction.