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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of the Urinary System01:20

Disorders of the Urinary System

239
The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common urinary system disorders. They are caused by bacteria that enter the urethra and can spread to the bladder resulting in cystitis. Pyelonephritis is the result of a UTI that has ascended to the level of the...
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Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

429
The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
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The Micturition Reflex01:26

The Micturition Reflex

460
Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating...
460
Physiology of Urine Formation01:24

Physiology of Urine Formation

3.2K
Urine formation is an essential function of the human body. It plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating the volume and composition of body fluids. The kidneys, the primary organs involved in this process, filter blood to remove waste products and excess substances, ultimately producing urine.
Glomerular Filtration
The first stage in urine formation is glomerular filtration. Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons, the functional units of filtration, with a...
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Updated: Jun 8, 2025

Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing
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Voiding Dysfunction in Transgender Patients: What We Know and What We Do Not Know.

Gabriela Gonzalez1, Jennifer T Anger2

  • 1Department of Urology, Davis School of Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, CA, USA.

Current Urology Reports
|November 5, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Transgender and non-binary patients may face urinary issues after gender-affirming genital surgery. This review covers complications, evaluation, and treatments for these common voiding dysfunctions.

Keywords:
Gender affirming careGenital reconstructive surgeryMetoidioplastyPhalloplastyUrethral strictureUrethrocutaneous fistulaVaginal remnantVaginoplastyVoiding dysfunction

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Gender-affirming care
  • Surgical outcomes

Background:

  • Transgender and non-binary (TGNB) individuals undergoing gender-affirming genital surgery can experience perioperative voiding dysfunction.
  • Understanding these urinary complications is crucial for patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and analyze existing literature on urinary complications following gender-affirming pelvic surgery.
  • To outline current evaluation and treatment strategies for voiding dysfunction in TGNB patients.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on gender-affirming genital surgery and urinary outcomes.
  • Analysis of reported complications, diagnostic approaches, and management options.

Main Results:

  • Pre-operative discussion of urinary goals and symptoms is vital due to variable post-operative outcomes.
  • Gender-affirming hormone therapy can impact urinary symptoms.
  • Urethral strictures and urethrocutaneous fistulae are potential complications manifesting as lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).
  • No standardized approach exists for managing post-operative voiding issues, but options are available.
  • Patient evaluation should be affirming and personalized.
  • Long-term outcome data and validated questionnaires for TGNB patients are needed.

Conclusions:

  • Voiding dysfunction is a significant concern after gender-affirming genital surgery.
  • Further research and standardized outcome measures are necessary to improve care for TGNB patients.