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Regulation of Heart Rates01:31

Regulation of Heart Rates

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The regulation of heart rate is a complex process controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS), hormonal influences, and intrinsic cardiac mechanisms. The ANS has two main components: the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS).
The SNS increases heart rate through the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine, which act on beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart. This action increases the rate of depolarization in the sinoatrial (SA) node, the heart's...
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Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease01:27

Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease

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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a multidisciplinary field that examines how psychological factors, particularly stress, interact with the immune system and impact physical health. Research in PNI has shown that chronic or traumatic stress can disrupt both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. These disruptions contribute to serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.
A key area of focus in PNI is the relationship between stress and coronary...
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Physiology of the Heart: The Cardiac Cycle01:18

Physiology of the Heart: The Cardiac Cycle

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The cardiac cycle describes the events from one heartbeat to the next. It includes three main phases: diastole, atrial systole, and ventricular systole, all driven by changes in chamber pressures and the function of heart valves.
Diastole: The Relaxation Phase
During diastole, all four heart chambers relax. The atrioventricular (AV) valves open, and the semilunar valves close. This phase sees the lowest chamber pressures, promoting ventricular filling. Venous blood enters the heart through the...
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Regulation of the Cardiovascular System01:27

Regulation of the Cardiovascular System

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The regulation of the cardiovascular system allows the body to adapt to various demands and maintain homeostasis.
The regulation of the cardiovascular system involves the autonomic nervous system (ANS), baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors, ensuring that heart rate and blood pressure are appropriately modulated in response to varying physiological demands.
The ANS comprises two main divisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system enhances...
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Conduction System of the Heart01:19

Conduction System of the Heart

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Autorhythmicity is a term that refers to the heart's inherent ability to generate electrical signals and instigate muscle contractions. This self-regulating conduction system within the heart consists of two key components: the pacemaker cells and specialized conducting cells.
The pacemaker cells are located in two primary nodes: the sinoatrial (SA) node and the atrioventricular (AV) node. The SA node pacemaker cells can autonomously depolarize, triggering an action potential that leads to the...
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Anatomy of the Heart01:27

Anatomy of the Heart

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The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancing the Study of Brain-Heart Interplay with a Comprehensive EEGLAB Plugin for Multimodal Signal Analysis
08:22

Author Spotlight: Advancing the Study of Brain-Heart Interplay with a Comprehensive EEGLAB Plugin for Multimodal Signal Analysis

Published on: April 26, 2024

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Defining cardioception: Heart-brain crosstalk.

Jonathan W Lovelace1, Jingrui Ma1, Vineet Augustine1

  • 1Department of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.

Neuron
|November 5, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Interoception involves sensing internal body states through specialized senses, such as cardioception (heart sensing). This review focuses on cardioception and its impact on brain function, mental health, and behavior.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Interoception, the perception of internal bodily states, is crucial for homeostasis and survival.
  • Existing models often overlook the specialized sensory modalities comprising interoception.
  • Cardioception, the sense of the heart's activity, plays a significant role in interoceptive processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a framework for understanding interoception through distinct sensory modalities.
  • To highlight the importance of cardioception within the broader interoceptive system.
  • To review the current understanding of heart-brain interactions and their implications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of neuroscience and psychology research.
  • Analysis of studies on cardiac reflexes and autonomic nervous system function.

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  • Synthesis of findings on the influence of cardiac signals on cognitive and emotional processes.

    • Main Results:

    • Interoception can be effectively conceptualized via specialized modalities including cardioception, pulmoception, gastroception, and uroception.
    • Heart-brain interactions are integral to interoceptive awareness.
    • Cardiac afferent signals modulate neural activity in brain regions associated with emotion and cognition.

    Conclusions:

    • A modality-specific approach to interoception offers a more nuanced understanding.
    • Cardioception is a key component influencing mental states and behavior.
    • Further research into heart-brain communication is essential for understanding interoception.