The Neoteric Paradigm of Biomolecule-Functionalized Albumin-Based Targeted Cancer Therapeutics

Albumin is a nature-derived, versatile protein carrier, that has been explored extensively by researchers for anticancer drug delivery due to its role in enhancing drug stability, solubility, circulation time, targeting capabilities, and overall therapeutic efficacy. Albumin nanoparticles possess inherent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and passive tumor-targeting ability due to the enhanced permeability and retention effect. However, non-specific accumulation of cytotoxic agents in healthy tissues remains a challenge. In this paper, the functionalization of albumin nanoparticles using various biomolecules including antibodies, nucleic acids, proteins and peptides, vitamins, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, and lactobionic acid have been discussed which enables specific recognition and binding to cancer cells. Furthermore, we highlight the supremacy of such a targeted approach in tumor-specific drug delivery, minimization of off-target effects, potential improvement in therapeutic efficacy, cellular internalization, reduced side effects, and better clinical outcomes. This review centers on how they have revolutionized the field of biomedical research and tuned into an excellent targeted approach. In conclusion, this review highlights in detail the role of albumin as a nanocarrier for tumor-targeted delivery using biomolecules as ligands.