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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term Potentiation01:25

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
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Mania and Antimanic Drugs: Overview01:24

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Mania, a psychological condition characterized by elevated mood, increased energy, and reduced sleep need, is part of the bipolar disorder cycle. The exact cause of mania isn't entirely known, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Bipolar disorder involves alternating manic and depressive episodes. Mood stabilizers like lithium, antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants help manage these episodes. Lithium carbonate is particularly effective as...
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Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
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Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Dependence of Elimination Half-Life and Dose Clearance

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The elimination half-life and drug clearance of drugs following nonlinear kinetics can vary with dosage. The Michaelis-Menten parameters and drug concentration influence these factors. As the dose increases, the elimination half-life tends to lengthen, resulting in a reduction in clearance and a disproportionately larger area under the curve. The total clearance can be derived from the Michaelis-Menten equation for drugs following a one-compartment model.
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Essential Information About Chronobiology and Chronotherapy for the Optimal Care of People With Bipolar Disorders: An Expert Consensus.

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Long-Term Lithium Treatment and Sensory Processing Sensitivity in Bipolar Disorder Patients.

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Using multi-trait polygenic scores to predict lithium responsiveness in patients with bipolar disorder.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2025

The Tail Suspension Test
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Lithium: Fifteen Years Later.

Janusz K Rybakowski1

  • 1Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.

Neuropsychobiology
|November 7, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Lithium remains crucial for preventing bipolar disorder recurrence and aiding treatment-resistant depression. Recent research highlights its anti-suicidal and neuroprotective benefits, alongside managing side effects and exploring genetic mechanisms.

Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Lithium's introduction in 1949 by John Cade marked a milestone in psychiatric treatment.
  • This review covers advancements in lithium research from 2010 to 2024, building upon earlier findings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a narrative review of significant lithium research published between 2010 and 2024.
  • To assess lithium's prophylactic efficacy, adverse effects, and novel mechanisms of action.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of key scientific literature from 2010-2024.
  • Analysis of genetic studies (Consortium of Lithium Genetics) and in vitro research (iPSCs, lymphoblastoid cell lines).

Main Results:

  • Lithium demonstrates prophylactic efficacy in bipolar disorder (BD) and recurrent depression, and is effective for treatment-resistant depression (TRD).
Keywords:
Bipolar disorderLithiumLithium geneticsLithium responseMechanisms of action

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  • Novel findings include lithium's anti-suicidal, neuroprotective, and antiviral effects, alongside a better understanding of its adverse effects (kidney, thyroid).
  • Genetic and cellular studies have elucidated mechanisms of lithium action.

    • Conclusions:

    • Lithium is the primary drug for BD recurrence prevention and a key augmentation strategy for TRD.
    • Careful monitoring of side effects is essential, while beneficial effects like anti-suicidal and anti-dementia properties are significant.
    • Improved education on lithium's benefits and mechanisms can enhance patient outcomes.