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Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction00:55

Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

3.3K
Nitriles are reduced to amines in the presence of strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent. The reducing agent acts as a source of hydride ions.
As shown below, the mechanism involves three steps. Firstly, the hydride ion acting as a nucleophile attacks the nitrile carbon to form an anion. In the second step, a second equivalent of the hydride ion attacks the anion to...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
11.9K
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

3.2K
Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
3.2K
Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

7.6K
Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
7.6K
Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds01:29

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

3.4K
Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...
3.4K
Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles01:13

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles

2.4K
Nitriles can be reduced to primary amines using reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride or catalytic hydrogenation. The reduction introduces an amino group with an extra carbon in the skeleton. Nitriles are formed from the reaction between alkyl halides and sodium cyanide through the SN2 mechanism. Primary alkyl halides are the preferred substrates to prepare nitriles.
Amides can be reduced to primary, secondary, and tertiary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, active metals like Fe,...
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Work-Function-Dependent Reduction of Transition Metal Nitrides in Hydrogen Environments.

Abdul Rehman1, Robbert W E van de Kruijs1, Wesley T E van den Beld1

  • 1Industrial Focus Group XUV Optics, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522NB Enschede, Netherlands.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
|November 8, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The work function of transition metal nitrides dictates their stability in hydrogen environments. Below a critical threshold, their reduction by hydrogen radicals ceases, enabling prediction of protective coating performance.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Science
  • Hydrogen Embrittlement

Background:

  • Growing demand for hydrogen in sustainable energy necessitates robust protective coatings.
  • Understanding material stability in reactive hydrogen environments is critical but not fully elucidated.
  • Transition metal nitrides (TMNs) are candidates for hydrogen-protective coatings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify key parameters governing the chemical stability of TMNs in reactive hydrogen.
  • To establish a predictive model for the performance of TMNs as hydrogen-protective coatings.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of TMN reduction by hydrogen radicals.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the reducibility (denitridation) of various transition metal nitrides (TMNs).
  • Utilized elevated temperatures and reactive hydrogen radical (H*) environments.
  • Correlated material reduction with the work function of the TMN system.

Main Results:

  • The work function was identified as a critical parameter for TMN stability in hydrogen radicals.
  • A threshold work function (ϕTH) was determined, below which TMN reduction significantly slows or stops.
  • Preferential binding of H* to transition metal atoms, rather than nitrogen, inhibits volatile species formation.

Conclusions:

  • The work function provides a novel metric for predicting the chemical stability of TMNs in hydrogen.
  • This finding offers a new framework for understanding hydrogen-TM compound interactions.
  • Enables rational design and selection of effective hydrogen-protective coatings.