A Review of Cutting-Edge Sensor Technologies for Improved Flood Monitoring and Damage Assessment

Floods are the most destructive, widespread, and frequent natural hazards. The extent of flood events is accelerating in the context of climate change, where flood management and disaster mitigation remain important long-term issues. Different studies have been utilizing data and images from various types of sensors for mapping, assessment, forecasting, early warning, rescue, and other disaster prevention and mitigation activities before, during, and after floods, including flash floods, coastal floods, and urban floods. These monitoring processes evolved from early ground-based observations relying on in situ sensors to high-precision, high-resolution, and high-coverage monitoring by airborne and remote sensing sensors. In this study, we have analyzed the different kinds of sensors from the literature review, case studies, and other methods to explore the development history of flood sensors and the driving role of floods in different countries. It is found that there is a trend towards the integration of flood sensors with artificial intelligence, and their state-of-the-art determines the effectiveness of local flood management to a large extent. This study helps to improve the efficiency of flood monitoring advancement and flood responses as it explores the different types of sensors and their effectiveness.