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Related Concept Videos

Curing Methods01:26

Curing Methods

72
Concrete members with a small surface-to-volume ratio are cured by oiling and moistening the forms before casting the concrete member. These forms can be left in place for a prolonged period to prevent moisture loss, and can be wetted if made of a material suitable for wetting. If the forms are removed early, the concrete member is moistened and covered with polythene sheets to maintain moisture. For large horizontal concrete surfaces exposed to dry weather, a temporary covering is suspended...
72
Accelerated Curing of Concrete01:25

Accelerated Curing of Concrete

113
Accelerating concrete curing is achieved by applying heat and additional moisture. This process accelerates the hydration of the cement, resulting in an earlier strength gain in the concrete. Steam curing is a method wherein the concrete products are either transported through a chamber on a conveyor belt or encased in plastic, allowing steam at atmospheric pressure to circulate freely around them. This process begins with a phase of moist curing that typically lasts between 3 to 5 hours, after...
113
Sulfur Assimilation01:20

Sulfur Assimilation

1
Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to...
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene01:22

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene

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Sulfonation of benzene is a reaction wherein benzene is treated with fuming sulfuric acid at room temperature to produce benzenesulfonic acid. Fuming sulfuric acid is a mixture of sulfur trioxide and concentrated sulfuric acid.
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Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

4.7K
Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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Curing of Concrete01:20

Curing of Concrete

89
The hydration of cement takes place within the water-filled capillary pores. However, environmental elements can disrupt this process by evaporating water from the concrete surfaces. Sealed concrete with a water-cement ratio below 0.5 experiences self-desiccation, leading to water loss. The water loss in concrete is mitigated by curing. This technique involves keeping the concrete saturated to maintain the necessary temperature and moisture conditions, to optimally fill the spaces in the cement...
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Updated: Jun 7, 2025

Synthesis of Terpolymers at Mild Temperatures Using Dynamic Sulfur Bonds in PolyS-Divinylbenzene
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"Re-Think" Sulfur Curing.

Anke Blume1, Frances van Elburg1, Fabian Grunert1

  • 1Chair of Elastomer Technology & Engineering, Department of Mechanics of Solids, Surfaces & Systems (MS3), Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 9, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The established sulfur curing mechanism for natural rubber may not fully apply to modern tire treads. Rethinking sulfur curing is necessary for advanced formulations using synthetic rubbers and silica fillers.

Keywords:
SSBRZinc oxideacceleratorstearic acidsulfur curingvinyl content

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Rubber Technology

Background:

  • The sulfur vulcanization of natural rubber (NR) has a well-established mechanism involving zinc oxide, stearic acid, accelerators, and sulfur.
  • Crosslinking in NR predominantly occurs at the allylic position relative to the double bond.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the applicability of the traditional natural rubber sulfur curing mechanism to modern tire tread formulations.
  • To determine if a re-evaluation of sulfur curing is required for synthetic rubber blends with silica/silane systems.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of established vulcanization mechanisms.
  • Analysis of modern tire tread composition, including Solution Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SSBR) and Butadiene Rubber (BR).
  • Consideration of silica/silane filler systems in synthetic rubber compounds.

Main Results:

  • The widely accepted mechanism for natural rubber vulcanization involves an activated accelerator complex.
  • Modern passenger car tire treads utilize synthetic rubbers (SSBR/BR) and silica/silane fillers, differing significantly from natural rubber.

Conclusions:

  • Direct transfer of natural rubber crosslinking knowledge to modern tire treads may be insufficient.
  • A "re-thinking" of sulfur curing is likely necessary to optimize performance in contemporary tire formulations.