Real-Time Wireless Detection of Heavy Metal Ions Using a Self-Powered Triboelectric Nanosensor Integrated with an Autonomous Thermoelectric Generator-Powered Robotic System

The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) with advanced sensing technologies is transforming environmental monitoring and public health protection. In this study, a fully self-powered and automated chemical sensing system is developed and integrated with a robotic hand for "touch and sense" detection of toxic heavy metal ions (Pb²⁺, Cr⁶⁺, As³⁺) in aquatic environments. The system combines a self-powered solid-liquid triboelectric nanosensor (SL-TENS) with a thermoelectric generator (TEG), which harnesses ambient heat to power the robotic hand, eliminating the need for external power sources. The robotic hand is controlled wirelessly via an exo-hand, minimizing the risk of exposure during remote monitoring. The sensing component uses copper oxide nanowires (CuO NWs) coated with ion-selective membranes (ISMs) to enhance triboelectric output and enable highly selective ion detection. The system demonstrates effective real-time, on-site detection in lake water and data transmitted wirelessly to the user. This innovative approach provides a highly safe and efficient method for detecting hazardous pollutants in difficult-to-access areas, offering significant potential for wireless and real-time environmental monitoring and hazard prevention, thus contributing to the safeguarding of human health. This study presents a novel advancement in the field of IoT-enabled environmental monitoring systems.