Self-healing electronic skin with high fracture strength and toughness

Human skin is essential for perception, encompassing haptic, thermal, proprioceptive, and pain-sensing functions through ion movement. Additionally, it is mechanically resilient and self-healing for protection. Inspired by these unique properties, researchers have attempted to develop stretchable, self-healing sensors based on ion dynamics. However, most self-healing sensors reported to date suffer from low fracture strength and toughness. In this work, we present an ion-based self-healing electronic skin with exceptionally high fracture strength and toughness. We enhanced self-healing polymers and ionic conductors by introducing two types of orthogonal dynamic crosslinking bonds: dynamic aromatic disulfide bonds and 2-ureido-4-pyrimidone moieties. These dynamic bonds provide autonomous self-healing and high mechanical toughness even in the presence of ionic liquids. As a result, our self-healing polymer and self-healing ionic conductor exhibit remarkable stretchability (700%, 850%), fracture strength (34 MPa, 30 MPa), and toughness (78.5 MJ/m³, 87.3 MJ/m³), the highest values reported among self-healing ionic conductors to date. Using our materials, we developed various fully self-healing sensors and a soft gripper capable of autonomously recovering from mechanical damage. By integrating these components, we created a comprehensive self-healing electronic skin suitable for soft robotics applications.