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Related Concept Videos

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
The chromatin
In combination with specialized DNA binding protein called Histones, the DNA double helix forms a compact DNA: protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin itself is further compacted into higher-order...
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Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
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Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Updated: Jun 7, 2025

Deciphering High-Resolution 3D Chromatin Organization via Capture Hi-C
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Deciphering High-Resolution 3D Chromatin Organization via Capture Hi-C

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Evolution of 3D Chromatin Folding.

Lucía Álvarez-González1, Aurora Ruiz-Herrera1

  • 1Genome Integrity and Instability Group, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Biologia Cel.lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; email: lucia.alvarez@uab.cat, aurora.ruizherrera@uab.cat.

Annual Review of Animal Biosciences
|November 12, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genome evolution involves more than sequence changes. Chromatin organization and DNA interactions drive evolutionary plasticity and lineage-specific changes, especially in germ cells, impacting inheritance.

Keywords:
3D genomeHi-Cancestral genomechromosomal reorganizationsgerm cellstopologically associated domains

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Genome evolution studies traditionally focus on sequence conservation.
  • Cellular function relies on complex gene networks and DNA interactions.
  • Understanding chromatin organization's role is key to genome plasticity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of chromatin organization across the Animal Tree of Life.
  • To explore genome evolution by examining multiple layers of genome organization.
  • To highlight the role of chromatin crosstalk in evolutionary processes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on genome evolution and chromatin organization.
  • Analysis of general aspects of genome evolution, including mode and tempo.
  • Exploration of how genome and chromosome size influence chromatin folding patterns.

Main Results:

  • Genome and chromosome size modulate chromatin folding patterns.
  • Chromatin interactions facilitate lineage-specific chromosomal reorganizations, particularly in germ cells.
  • Crosstalk between chromatin organization levels contributes to genome evolutionary plasticity.

Conclusions:

  • Chromatin organization plays a crucial role in genome evolution beyond sequence conservation.
  • Germline chromatin structure and function are critical for genome evolution, maintenance, and inheritance.
  • Investigating mechanistic forces maintaining germline chromatin is essential for understanding evolutionary processes.