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A hiatal hernia is the abnormal protrusion of the stomach or other abdominal organs through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity.Normally, the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) lies below the diaphragm and is supported by the phrenoesophageal membrane, the diaphragmatic crura, and connective tissues. Weakening of these structures—due to aging, congenital defects like a short esophagus, or increased intra-abdominal pressure from coughing, obesity, pregnancy, or heavy...
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Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder, most commonly caused by obstruction of the cystic duct. This blockage prevents bile from draining, leading to gallbladder distension, inflammation, and potentially serious complications. This condition may present acutely or chronically and can happen with or without gallstones.EtiologyAbout 95% of cholecystitis cases are calculous, caused by gallstones blocking the cystic duct, leading to bile accumulation and inflammation of the gallbladder...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Colonial Wig Pancreaticojejunostomy
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Parastomal Gallbladder Herniations: A Systematic Review.

Siji Olusola1, Tobias Jarman1, Chetan Parmar2

  • 1Department of General Surgery, Whittington Hospital, London, GBR.

Cureus
|November 14, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Gallbladder herniation into parastomal hernias (PSHs) is rare but serious. This review proposes a classification and management strategy for these challenging cases, emphasizing prompt intervention for complicated PSHs.

Keywords:
cholecystectomycholecystitisgallbladderparastomal herniastoma

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Area of Science:

  • Abdominal Surgery
  • Gastroenterology
  • Surgical Complications

Background:

  • Parastomal hernias (PSHs) are frequent post-stoma complications.
  • Gallbladder herniation within a PSH is an exceptionally rare occurrence.
  • This condition presents significant diagnostic and management challenges for surgeons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the literature on parastomal gallbladder herniations.
  • To evaluate current management strategies and patient outcomes.
  • To propose a classification and treatment algorithm for this rare condition.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, and Medline.
  • Search terms included "gallbladder" AND "parastomal hernia."
  • Eighteen case reports were identified and analyzed.

Main Results:

  • The average patient age was 77.2 years, with a female predominance.
  • Abdominal pain was the most common symptom; CT imaging was the primary diagnostic tool.
  • Over 66% of patients experienced severe gallbladder complications requiring cholecystectomy.

Conclusions:

  • Gallbladder herniation into PSHs is a rare but critical diagnosis to consider.
  • A proposed classification includes simple and complicated types based on gallbladder status.
  • Management varies from elective repair for simple cases to emergency surgery for complicated presentations.