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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
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[Forehead shape in "Toulouse" artificial skull deformations].

R H Khonsari1

  • 1Service de chirurgie maxillofaciale et chirurgie plastique, hôpital Necker-Enfants-malades, laboratoire forme et croissance du crâne, institut Imagine, faculté de médecine, AP-HP, université Paris Cité, Paris, France.

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|November 14, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Artificial skull deformations, practiced since Prehistoric times, aimed to reshape newborn heads using external devices. This study explores "Toulouse" deformations in France, analyzing skulls and historical data to understand their origins and cultural significance.

Keywords:
Anthropologie physiqueArtificial deformationCraniofacial growthCroissance craniofacialeDéformation artificielleDéformation intentionnelleGeometric morphometricsIntentional deformationMorphométrie géométriquePhysical anthropology

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Area of Science:

  • Anthropology
  • Paleopathology
  • Bioarchaeology

Background:

  • Artificial skull deformation is an ancient practice observed across cultures.
  • External devices were used to permanently alter the cranial shape of infants.
  • Two primary types include antero-posterior ('flat heads') and circumferential ('long heads') deformations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the origins, mechanisms, motivations, and consequences of artificial skull deformations.
  • To focus on the specific practice of "Toulouse" deformations in France.
  • To utilize dry skulls and historical records for analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of numerous dry skulls exhibiting artificial deformations.
  • Examination of exceptional historical data related to cranial deformation practices.
  • Diagnostic and classification based on forehead and occiput shape.

Main Results:

  • France, particularly Toulouse, was a significant European center for artificial skull deformation.
  • Forehead shape serves as crucial information for classifying and understanding these deformations.
  • The study provides insights into the cultural significance of cranial modifications.

Conclusions:

  • Artificial skull deformations, like those in Toulouse, offer valuable insights into past cultural practices.
  • The study highlights the importance of craniometry and historical documentation in bioarchaeology.
  • Understanding these modifications aids in reconstructing social behaviors and cultural identities.