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[Forehead shape in "Toulouse" artificial skull deformations]
1Service de chirurgie maxillofaciale et chirurgie plastique, hôpital Necker-Enfants-malades, laboratoire forme et croissance du crâne, institut Imagine, faculté de médecine, AP-HP, université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
Abstract:
Artificial skull deformations were performed in all cultures since Prehistoric times using external devices, to permanently modify the shape of the head of newborns. Two types of deformations are reported: (1) antero-posterior deformations ("flat heads") and (2) circumferential deformations ("long heads"). Deformation devices exert mechanical forces on the forehead and the occiput: forehead shape is thus a major source of information for diagnosis, classification and on the culture significance of artificial skull deformations. France was the major European country for artificial skull deformations, and Toulouse was the epicenter of this practice. Numerous dry skulls and exceptional historical data are available to explore the origins, the mechanisms, the motivations, and the consequences of "Toulouse" artificial skull deformations.
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