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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

39.9K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
18.8K
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

17.3K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
17.3K
pV-Diagrams01:18

pV-Diagrams

4.0K
The pV diagram, which is a graph of pressure versus volume of the gas under study, is helpful in describing certain aspects of the substance. When the substance behaves like an ideal gas, the ideal gas equation describes the relationship between its pressure and volume. On a pV diagram, it is common to plot an isotherm, which is a curve showing p as a function of V with the number of molecules and the temperature fixed. Then, for an ideal gas, the product of the pressure of the gas and its...
4.0K
Distillation: Vapor–Liquid Equilibria01:01

Distillation: Vapor–Liquid Equilibria

2.7K
Distillation is a separation technique that takes advantage of the boiling point properties of disparate elements in a mixture. To perform distillation, we begin by heating a miscible mixture of two liquids with a significant difference in boiling points (at least 20°C). As the solution heats up and reaches the bubble point of the more volatile component, some molecules of the more volatile component transition into the gas phase and travel upward into the condenser, which is a glass tube...
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Updated: Jun 7, 2025

Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers
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Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers

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Visualization of liquid-liquid phase transitions using a tiny G-quadruplex binding protein.

Bikash R Sahoo1,2, Xiexiong Deng1,2, Ee Lin Wong1,2

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|November 18, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The small protein SERF2 drives stress granule formation by interacting with G-quadruplex RNA structures. This interaction reveals key details of liquid-liquid phase transitions in ribonucleoprotein condensate formation.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Liquid-liquid phase condensation is crucial for cellular processes, forming membrane-less compartments like stress granules.
  • Multivalency and protein disorder are known drivers of these phase transitions.
  • The complexity of proteins and RNA in condensates hinders understanding of their formation and interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the small human SERF2 protein in stress granule formation.
  • To elucidate the structural interactions between SERF2 and RNA G-quadruplexes in phase transitions.
  • To understand the contribution of protein disorder to ribonucleoprotein condensate dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on the human SERF2 protein and its role in stress granules.
  • Investigate specific interactions between SERF2 and G-quadruplex RNA structures.
  • Utilize biophysical techniques for high-resolution visualization of protein-RNA interactions.

Main Results:

  • SERF2 was shown to contribute to the formation of stress granules.
  • SERF2 specifically interacts with G-quadruplex RNA structures.
  • High-resolution visualization revealed multivalent protein-RNA interactions and the role of protein disorder.

Conclusions:

  • SERF2 plays a significant role in stress granule assembly.
  • The interaction between SERF2 and G-quadruplexes is a key factor in liquid-liquid phase transitions.
  • Detailed structural insights into these interactions advance the understanding of ribonucleoprotein condensate formation.