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Skin Cancer01:30

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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2025

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
03:55

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

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Breaking Boundaries: Thyroid Cancer's Skin-Deep Twist.

Anubhuti Chaturvedi1, Swapnil Suman1, Varuna Mallya1

  • 1Department of Pathology, Maulana Azad Medical College & Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India.

Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery : Official Publication of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India
|November 19, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Papillary thyroid carcinoma rarely spreads to the skin as an ulcerated lesion. This case highlights the diagnostic challenges and management of this rare presentation of thyroid cancer.

Keywords:
Cutaneous invasionLocally advancedPapillary thyroid carcinoma

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Dermatology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Papillary thyroid carcinoma is the most common thyroid malignancy.
  • Cutaneous spread of thyroid cancer is rare, particularly presenting as ulcerated lesions.
  • Delayed or incorrect initial diagnosis is common due to the rarity of this presentation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss a rare case of papillary thyroid carcinoma presenting with ulcerated cutaneous spread.
  • To highlight the diagnostic and management complexities associated with this unusual presentation.
  • To contribute to the limited literature on thyroid carcinoma with cutaneous metastases.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive review of radiological and histopathological investigations.
  • Detailed description of surgical intervention and adjuvant treatment strategies.
  • Case report format to document the clinical course and outcomes.

Main Results:

  • A 60-year-old female presented with an ulcerated anterior neck lesion.
  • Full radiological and histopathological workup confirmed papillary thyroid carcinoma with cutaneous spread.
  • The patient underwent complex surgical and adjuvant treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Ulcerated cutaneous spread is an uncommon but significant presentation of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
  • Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective management.
  • Multidisciplinary treatment approaches are essential for managing such rare cases.