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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Causality or causation is a fundamental concept in epidemiology, vital for understanding the relationships between various factors and health outcomes. Despite its importance, there's no single, universally accepted definition of causality within the discipline. Drawing from a systematic review, causality in epidemiology encompasses several definitions, including production, necessary and sufficient, sufficient-component, counterfactual, and probabilistic models. Each has its strengths and...
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[Infectious diseases: circumstances, chance... anything can be...]

David Alejandro Cabrera-Gaytán1, Alejandro Moctezuma-Paz2

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Humanity has faced numerous diseases throughout history, including major viral outbreaks like influenza and the recent COVID-19 pandemic. This review examines key historical epidemics and pandemics over the last century.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Viral Etiology

Background:

  • Historical review of human coexistence with diseases, focusing on epidemics and pandemics.
  • Identification of health damage events in the 20th and 21st centuries, particularly viral diseases.
  • Editorial focus on human influenza, avian influenza, and the COVID-19 pandemic.

Discussion:

  • Comparative analysis of historical viral disease impacts.
  • Evolution of disease emergence and re-emergence patterns.
  • Public health responses to past and present pandemics.

Key Insights:

  • Viral diseases represent a persistent threat to global health.
  • Understanding historical disease patterns informs current pandemic preparedness.
  • Influenza and coronaviruses have caused significant historical and recent health crises.

Outlook:

  • Need for continued surveillance of emerging and re-emerging viral diseases.
  • Importance of international cooperation in managing global health threats.
  • Strengthening public health infrastructure for future pandemic resilience.