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Relative Stabilities of Alkenes01:59

Relative Stabilities of Alkenes

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The relative stability of alkenes can be determined by comparing their heats of hydrogenation. The lower heat of hydrogenation indicates the more stable alkene.  The three main factors determining the relative stability of alkenes are i) the number of substituents attached to the double-bond carbon atoms, ii) hyperconjugation, and iii) the stereochemistry of the double bond.
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Combustion Energy: A Measure of Stability in Alkanes and Cycloalkanes02:14

Combustion Energy: A Measure of Stability in Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

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The low reactivity in alkanes can be attributed to the non-polar nature of C–C and C–H σ bonds. Alkanes, therefore, were  initially termed as “paraffins,” derived from the Latin words: parum, meaning “too little,” and affinis, meaning “affinity.”
Alkanes undergo combustion in the presence of excess oxygen and high-temperature conditions to give carbon dioxide and water. A combustion reaction is the energy source in natural gas, liquified...
6.2K
Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects01:10

Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects

1.9K
The presence of electron-donating, electron-withdrawing, or conjugating groups adjacent to a radical center, imparts electronic stabilization to the radicals. Examples of such electronically-stabilized radicals are triphenylmethyl, tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxide, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl. These radicals are remarkably stable and are known as persistent radicals. Some of the persistent radicals can even be isolated and purified.
Along with electronic...
1.9K
Regioselectivity of Electrophilic Additions to Alkenes: Markovnikov's Rule02:17

Regioselectivity of Electrophilic Additions to Alkenes: Markovnikov's Rule

13.9K
If a set of reactants can yield multiple constitutional isomers, but one of the isomers is obtained as the major product, the reaction is said to be regioselective. In such reactions, bond formation or breaking is favored at one reaction site over others.
The hydrohalogenation of an unsymmetrical alkene can yield two haloalkane products, depending on which vinylic carbon takes up the halogen. However, one product usually predominates, where hydrogen adds to the vinylic carbon bearing the...
13.9K
Structure and Bonding of Alkenes02:47

Structure and Bonding of Alkenes

16.0K
Olefins, which are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing one or more carbon–carbon double bonds, are broadly divided into alkenes and cycloalkenes. The general chemical formula of an alkene is CnH2n.
Doubly bonded carbons are sp2 hybridized and have a trigonal planar geometry. The double bond is composed of a σ bond formed by the overlap of hybrid orbitals and a π bond produced by the lateral overlap of unhybridized 2p orbitals on both the carbons. Each carbon atom is...
16.0K
Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes02:30

Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes

12.4K
This lesson discusses the stability of substituted cyclohexanes with a focus on energies of various conformers and the effect of 1,3-diaxial interactions.
The two chair conformations of cyclohexanes undergo rapid interconversion at room temperature. Both forms have identical energies and stabilities, each comprising equal amounts of the equilibrium mixture. Replacing a hydrogen atom with a functional group makes the two conformations energetically non-equivalent.
For example, in...
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Updated: Jun 7, 2025

Isolating Free Carbenes, their Mixed Dimers and Organic Radicals
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Hyperstable alkenes: are they remarkably unreactive?

Matthew D Summersgill1, Lawrence R Gahan1, Sharon Chow1

  • 1School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Queensland Australia c.williams3@uq.edu.au.

Chemical Science
|November 21, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers synthesized four hyperstable alkenes, challenging their predicted unreactivity by discovering unexpected oxidation sensitivity. This work sets a new benchmark and highlights the need to refine the definition of hyperstable molecules.

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Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators
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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Computational Chemistry
  • Chemical Synthesis

Background:

  • Hyperstable alkenes were theoretically predicted to be remarkably unreactive in 1981.
  • Only three such systems have been experimentally reported since their initial identification.
  • Theoretical predictions relied solely on computational methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a novel one-pot synthesis of four hyperstable alkenes.
  • To investigate the reactivity of these synthesized hyperstable alkenes.
  • To address the discrepancy between theoretical predictions and experimental observations.

Main Methods:

  • A one-pot, telescoped synthetic approach was employed.
  • Four novel hyperstable alkene compounds were synthesized.
  • Reactivity studies, including oxidation, were performed on the synthesized compounds.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of four hyperstable alkenes was achieved.
  • Unexpected reactivity towards oxidation was observed in these compounds.
  • The findings challenge the long-held assumption of remarkable unreactivity.

Conclusions:

  • This study establishes a new benchmark for hyperstable alkene synthesis.
  • The observed reactivity necessitates a re-evaluation of the definition of hyperstability in alkenes.
  • Further research is needed to reconcile experimental findings with initial computational predictions.