Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

934
Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
934
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Oxygen Therapy for Respiratory Failure01:16

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Oxygen Therapy for Respiratory Failure

172
Oxygen therapy has emerged as a significant tool in enhancing the quality of life for patients suffering from pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). While this therapy has principally been studied on patients with significant hypoxemia, this therapeutic approach helps prevent potential organ damage and can be administered in the comfort of one's home.
Oxygen therapy is vital in increasing and maintaining blood oxygen levels in PAH patients. As a result, it aids in reducing fatigue,...
172
Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

2.1K
The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
2.1K
Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride01:26

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

1.8K
Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
The bonds formed in this reaction are stronger than the bonds broken, making it energetically favorable. The reaction follows a radical chain mechanism similar to radical halogenation...
1.8K
Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

7.6K
Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
7.6K
Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids02:04

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

5.6K
Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
5.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

STING Activation by Photo-immunogenic Nanophotocages for Synergistic Photoimmunotherapy of Cold Tumor.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Superior Stable NIR-II Emissive Radicals Enabled by a Symmetric Dual-Acceptor Engineering for Immunogenic Sono/Photodynamic Theranostics.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Membrane-Intercalating Conjugated Oligoelectrolytes Enhance Microbial CO<sub>2</sub> Electroreduction by Promoting Transmembrane H<sub>2</sub> Delivery.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

In-Cell Photoactivated Porphyrin Demetalation for Reductive Photodynamic Therapy under Hypoxia.

Journal of medicinal chemistry·2026
Same author

Covalent Bond Locking in Semiconducting Oligomers Boosts Ultrabright NIR-II Luminescence for Deep Brain Theranostics.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same author

NIR-II-Responsive Biomimetic Nanoplatform for Precise Inhibition of Ischemic Stroke via Dual Modulation of Ion Channels and Microglia.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2025

Stimulation of Stem Cell Niches and Tissue Regeneration in Mouse Skin by Switchable Protoporphyrin IX-Dependent Photogeneration of Reactive Oxygen Species In Situ
10:05

Stimulation of Stem Cell Niches and Tissue Regeneration in Mouse Skin by Switchable Protoporphyrin IX-Dependent Photogeneration of Reactive Oxygen Species In Situ

Published on: May 8, 2020

1.9K

Photoactivated hydride therapy under hypoxia beyond ROS.

Xia Wang1, Yijian Gao2, Ting Wang3

  • 1MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China fengfd@nju.edu.cn.

Chemical Science
|November 21, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel photodynamic therapy (PDT) using phlorins as hydride donors, offering a non-classical approach for cancer treatment. This method targets the mitochondrial electron transport chain, showing high efficacy and selectivity, especially under hypoxic conditions.

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: High-Throughput Measurement of Intracellular ROS Levels in Hepatocellular Lines
05:16

Author Spotlight: High-Throughput Measurement of Intracellular ROS Levels in Hepatocellular Lines

Published on: January 19, 2024

4.3K
Author Spotlight: Advancements in Hypoxia-Sensitive CAR-T Therapy for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy
09:12

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Hypoxia-Sensitive CAR-T Therapy for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy

Published on: June 14, 2024

811

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 7, 2025

Stimulation of Stem Cell Niches and Tissue Regeneration in Mouse Skin by Switchable Protoporphyrin IX-Dependent Photogeneration of Reactive Oxygen Species In Situ
10:05

Stimulation of Stem Cell Niches and Tissue Regeneration in Mouse Skin by Switchable Protoporphyrin IX-Dependent Photogeneration of Reactive Oxygen Species In Situ

Published on: May 8, 2020

1.9K
Author Spotlight: High-Throughput Measurement of Intracellular ROS Levels in Hepatocellular Lines
05:16

Author Spotlight: High-Throughput Measurement of Intracellular ROS Levels in Hepatocellular Lines

Published on: January 19, 2024

4.3K
Author Spotlight: Advancements in Hypoxia-Sensitive CAR-T Therapy for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy
09:12

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Hypoxia-Sensitive CAR-T Therapy for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy

Published on: June 14, 2024

811

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Nanotechnology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Photodynamic therapy (PDT) typically relies on reactive oxygen species (ROS), but studies involving reactive reductive species are limited.
  • Porphyrin photosensitizers face challenges with oxygen dependency and balancing efficacy with selectivity.
  • Phlorins are identified as potent hydride (H-) donors, offering an alternative mechanism for PDT.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore a novel non-classical PDT strategy targeting the mitochondrial electron transport chain (Mito-ETC).
  • To investigate the potential of phlorins as hydride donors in a hypoxia-activated cancer therapy.
  • To develop and evaluate a water-soluble, mitochondria-targeted zinc-porphyrin derivative for enhanced phototherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a water-soluble, triphenylphosphonium-modified zinc-coordinated porphyrin (mitoZnPor).
  • Investigation of the *in situ* photogeneration of zinc-cored phlorin (mitoZnPhl) from mitoZnPor.
  • Evaluation of the mitoZnPor/mitoZnPhl couple's ability to reduce electron acceptors in the Mito-ETC, driven by NADH.
  • Assessment of *in vitro* cytotoxicity and *in vivo* anti-tumor efficacy in a 4T1 tumor-xenografted mouse model under hypoxic conditions.

Main Results:

  • The mitoZnPor/mitoZnPhl couple effectively reduces key Mito-ETC components like iron heme and ubiquinone.
  • Under hypoxia, mitoZnPor demonstrated significant cancer-selectivity and potent *in vitro* photodynamic effects with nanomolar IC50 values.
  • Significant tumor growth inhibition was observed in a 4T1 mouse model, with good biosafety profiles.
  • The study highlights a hydride (H-) transfer mechanism for PDT, distinct from ROS generation.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondrial electron transport chain-targeted non-classical PDT via a H- transfer mechanism shows great potential in precision cancer phototherapy.
  • NADH serves as a crucial biomarker and electron donor for this novel PDT approach.
  • The developed mitoZnPor offers a promising strategy for hypoxia-activated cancer treatment with enhanced selectivity and efficacy.