Risk Factors of At-Risk/Problem Gambling Among Young Adult Spanish Students

The gambling industry in Spain has experienced sustained growth in recent years. This has raised concerns about its potential impact, particularly during emerging adulthood, which is a high-risk period for the development of problematic gambling behaviors. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of problem gambling in young Spanish adults and to examine individual factors associated with at-risk or problem gambling. The participants were 2762 young adults studying at university and vocational schools (64.16% women, M_age = 19.47; SD = 1.64) recruited in three Spanish autonomous communities. Individuals completed an e-assessment including sociodemographic variables, gambling-related characteristics, and the Problematic Gambling Severity Index. A total of 3.51%, 2.14%, and 0.51% were low risk, moderate risk, and problem gamblers, respectively. Predictors of at-risk/problem gambling were early gambling onset (OR 0.790; 95% CI 0.672, .929), mixed versus offline modality gambling access (OR 2.216; 95% CI 1.396, 3.516), and having gambled in the previous year in a casino (OR 1.910; 95% CI 1.194, 3.056), sports betting (OR 1.597; 95% CI 1.003, 2.542), or electronic gaming machines (OR 2.111; 95% CI 1.064, 4.189). Gambling is ubiquitous in the general population and a high proportion of young adults present low and moderate risk of problem gambling. Addressing gambling is a public health challenge and policies to regulate it should be targeted at delaying the age of onset and restricting access to online gambling.