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James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) was one of the significant contributors to physics in the nineteenth century. He is probably best known for having combined existing knowledge of the laws of electricity and the laws of magnetism with his insights to form a complete overarching electromagnetic theory, represented by Maxwell's equations. The four basic laws of electricity and magnetism were discovered experimentally through the work of physicists such as Oersted, Coulomb, Gauss, and...
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A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
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Inverse design for waveguide dispersion with a differentiable mode solver.

Dodd Gray, Gavin N West, Rajeev J Ram

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    We developed a new gradient back-propagation method for optical waveguide dispersion optimization. This technique significantly reduces computational cost, enabling faster design of advanced photonic devices for broadband frequency doubling.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Optical Engineering
    • Computational Electromagnetics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Inverse design of optical components is crucial for advanced photonic devices.
    • Existing finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) methods struggle with optimizing waveguide dispersion for broadband applications.
    • Ultrafast and nonlinear optics require precise control over frequency-dependent material responses.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a novel gradient back-propagation method for electromagnetic eigenmode solvers.
    • To demonstrate waveguide dispersion optimization for enhanced second harmonic generation (SHG).
    • To enable inverse design for previously intractable photonic devices.

    Main Methods:

    • Implemented gradient back-propagation through a general-purpose electromagnetic eigenmode solver.
    • Applied the method to optimize waveguide dispersion for maximized phase-matching bandwidth in SHG.
    • Utilized a broadband optical frequency doubling application in the 1.3-1.4 µm range.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved waveguide dispersion optimization for SHG in just eight steps.
    • Reduced computational cost by approximately 100x compared to exhaustive search methods.
    • Identified novel designs for broadband optical frequency doubling.
    • Demonstrated computational cost independence from the number of design parameters.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed gradient back-propagation technique offers a computationally efficient approach for inverse design.
    • This method overcomes limitations of FDTD for optimizing waveguide dispersion in complex optical systems.
    • Enables practical inverse design for a wider range of challenging photonic devices, particularly in nonlinear optics.