Reducing fumonisin contamination in Brazilian maize: The impact of Codex standards and regulatory frameworks

Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced primarily by the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex in maize, and contamination poses significant health risks and economic implications. This review explores Brazil's comprehensive approach to reducing fumonisin contamination in maize, particularly the strategies adopted by the Brazilian Surveillance Agency (ANVISA), thanks to its participation in and the work of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (CCCF). Through collaborative efforts with several stakeholders, Brazil has successfully reduced fumonisin levels over the past thirty years, improving food safety for its population and exports. The recorded data indicate that the mean levels of fumonisins were 2692.1 µg/kg during the years 1991-2010, while the mean levels decreased to 685.4 µg/kg from 2011 to 2022. Based on this, significant progress has been achieved; nevertheless, challenges persist, particularly concerning enforcement and compliance disparities across the country. In this respect, active engagement from academia, industry, and regulatory bodies is crucial for raising awareness about health and economic risks linked to mycotoxin contamination. Strengthening monitoring efforts and sustainable collaborations are also recommended to further increase fumonisin control and food safety.