Impact of air pollution and climate change on maternal, fetal and postnatal health

Besides socioeconomic factors, environmental pollution, and climate change are contemporary threats to health. In this review, the authors present results from a recent comprehensive synthesis of existing research on the effects of air pollution and climate change on gestation, fetal development, and postnatal health.

Findings from systematic reviews conducted over the past five years and available in PubMed were used.

A vast and robust evidence exists on the association between air pollution exposures and negative outcomes. Gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, preeclampsia, spontaneous abortion, and maternal postpartum depression are reported. Fetal development and postnatal health are also impaired by exposures; low birth weight is a common finding from studies worldwide, but there are increased risks for malformations and impairments in neurodevelopment. While there are fewer studies on factors related to climate change, there is sufficient evidence regarding the direct and indirect effects on maternal health and fetal development. Increased risks for prematurity, low birth, and emergency room visits are associated with higher temperatures. Asthma incidence and infectious respiratory disease risks are also influenced by extreme weather events. It is essential to recognize the profound impact that environmental factors, such as air pollution and climate change can have on maternal health, fetal development, and neonatal health.

The data presented underscores the significant risks that environmental pollution poses during gestation, influencing not only maternal health but also the short- and long-term well-being of the child.