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Taste Buds and Receptors

Taste Buds and Receptors

Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...

Gustation

Gustation

Gustation is a chemical sense that, along with olfaction (smell), contributes to our perception of taste. It starts with the activation of receptors by chemical compounds (tastants) dissolved in the saliva. The saliva and filiform papillae on the tongue distribute the tastants and increase their exposure to the taste receptors.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2025

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation

Published on: March 1, 2017

Miniaturized, portable gustation interfaces for VR/AR/MR.

Yiming Liu^1,2, Wooyoung Park¹, Chun Ki Yiu^1,3

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloong Tong, Hong Kong.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

|November 25, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces portable lollipop-shaped devices for multi-taste feedback in virtual and augmented reality. These systems offer adjustable taste intensity and duration, enhancing immersive digital experiences.

Keywords:

gustation assessment gustation interface human machine interfaces mixed reality portable electronics

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Area of Science:

* Human-computer interaction
* Sensory feedback systems
* Digital sensory interfaces

Background:

* Existing gustation display technologies face challenges in miniaturization, taste variety, natural interaction, and precise feedback control.
* Gustation, a chemically induced sense, is crucial for human experience but complex to replicate digitally.
* Integration of taste and smell feedback is essential for fully immersive virtual environments.

Purpose of the Study:

* To develop intelligent, portable gustation interfacing systems with multiple taste options.
* To create an adjustable taste platform for virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) environments.
* To integrate gustation and olfaction feedback for enhanced Metaverse experiences.

Main Methods:

* Development of lollipop-shaped devices utilizing food-grade chemicals in agarose hydrogels as taste sources.
* Employment of iontophoresis principle with adjustable voltage for controlling taste intensity and duration.
* Miniaturization of a 9-channel taste generator (8 cm × 3 cm × 1 cm) and a 7-channel odor generator.

Main Results:

* Successful creation of portable gustation interfaces with 2 to 9 taste options.
* Demonstration of adjustable taste intensity and independent operation time via voltage control.
* Integration of gustation and olfaction interfaces for a comprehensive sensory feedback system.

Conclusions:

* The developed gustation interface systems offer significant advances in portability and functionality.
* The technology shows great potential for applications in intelligent medical gustation assessment, remote shopping, and mixed reality.
* These systems represent progress in human-machine interfaces, biomedical science, and entertainment technology.