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Related Concept Videos

Plane Potential Flows01:23

Plane Potential Flows

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Plane potential flows simplify fluid motion by assuming the fluid to be irrotational and incompressible. These characteristics allow these flows to be described by a velocity potential function, ϕ, representing the flow speed in a given direction, and a stream function, ψ, that visualizes the flow path, both governed by Laplace's equation. These parameters help in estimating flow patterns, velocity distributions, and pressure fields around various hydraulic structures.
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Underflow Gates01:30

Underflow Gates

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Underflow gates are vital for controlling water flow in irrigation canals. The three main types of underflow gates — vertical, radial, and drum gates — serve different purposes while ensuring effective flow management. Vertical gates move up and down, generating a free-flowing water jet; radial gates pivot to regulate the flow; and drum gates rotate for precise adjustments. The flow through these gates is influenced by downstream conditions, resulting in free or drowned outflow.Free and...
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Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment01:17

Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment

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Flood risk assessment involves careful planning and analysis to ensure the safety of communities near water retention structures. Capacity contours are a vital tool in this process, as they illustrate the potential spread of water at specific levels in a given area. In the context of building a bund across a small valley, these contours play a critical role in evaluating the safety of nearby residential areas.In this example, the bund is intended to store stormwater in the valley. The engineers...
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Design Example: Design of an Irrigation Channel01:27

Design Example: Design of an Irrigation Channel

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Trapezoidal channels are widely used in irrigation systems due to their cost-effectiveness and efficiency in conveying water. Trapezoidal channels feature a flat bottom and sloping sides, making them stable and easier to construct compared to other shapes. The bottom width and side slope ratio are determined based on the required flow capacity and site conditions. The side slope is kept gentle for unlined channels to prevent soil erosion.Hydraulic parameters in channel design include the flow...
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Bernoulli's Equation for Flow Along a Streamline01:30

Bernoulli's Equation for Flow Along a Streamline

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Bernoulli's equation relates the energy conservation in a fluid moving along a streamline. The equation applies to incompressible and inviscid fluids under steady flow. For such a flow, Newton's second law is applied to a small fluid element, which experiences forces due to pressure differences, gravity, and velocity variations. The force balance leads to the following form of Bernoulli's equation:
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Gradually Varying Flow01:29

Gradually Varying Flow

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Gradually varying flow (GVF) in open channels describes situations where water depth changes slowly along the channel due to factors like non-uniform bed slope, channel shape variations, or obstructions. This flow type occurs when the depth adjusts gradually to balance gravitational forces, shear forces, and energy requirements, resulting in a low rate of depth change.Characteristics of Gradually Varying FlowGVF is commonly observed in natural streams, rivers, and canals, where flow depth...
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Widespread potential for streamflow leakage across Brazil.

José Gescilam S M Uchôa1, Paulo Tarso S Oliveira2,3, André S Ballarin1,4

  • 1Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Most rivers in Brazil may be losing water to underground aquifers, impacting water availability. This widespread river-aquifer interaction highlights the need for integrated water resource management.

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Area of Science:

  • Hydrology
  • Hydrogeology
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • River-aquifer interactions are vital for water resources and ecosystems.
  • Understanding "losing" rivers, where stream water infiltrates aquifers, is limited by observation data.
  • Groundwater depletion can exacerbate streamflow losses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the prevalence of losing rivers across Brazil.
  • To understand the implications of river-aquifer interactions for water management.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of water level data from 17,972 wells nationwide in Brazil.
  • Comparison of well water levels with nearby stream surfaces.

Main Results:

  • 55% of analyzed wells had water levels below nearby stream surfaces.
  • This indicates widespread infiltration of stream water into aquifers.
  • Losing rivers are particularly common in areas with significant groundwater extraction.

Conclusions:

  • A significant portion of Brazilian rivers likely lose water to groundwater aquifers.
  • Conjunctively managing surface water and groundwater is crucial.
  • Widespread streamflow losses pose risks to water security and riverine ecosystems.