Nutrition among nursing home residents: results from the NutriCare study

Older adults living in nursing homes (NHs) are considered a vulnerable population in terms of nutrition. The aim of the present study was to explore the usual intake of energy, macronutrients, and specific food groups, along with offers in the NH menus on a nationally representative sample of Slovenian NH residents and compare dietary patterns with the established recommendations.

The study was conducted as part of a cross-sectional NutriCare study on 317 residents (65-101 years) from 20 Slovenian NHs in 9 health regions. Relatively independent residents were selected using quota sampling by sex and age. Data collection involved interviews and anthropometric measurements. Usual dietary intake was assessed by a multiple-source method from two 24-h dietary recalls and food frequency questionnaires. Adherence of dietary intake to the recommendations and dietary composition of NH menus were assessed. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) was used to explore nutritional status.

Notable variability in energy and macronutrient intakes was observed with some participants showing intakes below and others above the recommended values. A high prevalence of BMI > 30 kg/m² was observed in 39% of participants, indicating potential discrepancies between total energy intake and expenditure. The usual intake of fat was 36% of total energy intake (TEI). The intake of foods of animal origin exceeded dietary guidelines. Intake of carbohydrates (46% TEI in men and 47% TEI in women) as well as dietary fibre (20 g/day for both sexes) was below recommendations. A scarce intake of fruits, vegetables, and cereals was observed. In total, 40% of men and 35% of women had usual daily protein intakes lower than 1 g/kg of body weight. The protein content of breakfast and dinner could be improved. NH residents consumed little food from outside NH. The usual nutrient and food group intakes of residents reflected the NH menu offers.

The study results on the usual intake of energy, macronutrients, specific food groups, and offers in the NH menus indicate the potential for optimisation. According to the World Health Organisation, the prevalence of BMI > 30 kg/m² is notable and warrants attention. Careful meal planning and regular monitoring of the nutritional status of NH residents should be considered.