Carbon Mineralization in Fractured Mafic and Ultramafic Rocks: A Review

Mineral carbon storage in mafic and ultramafic rock masses has the potential to be an effective and permanent mechanism to reduce anthropogenic CO₂. Several successful pilot-scale projects have been carried out in basaltic rock (e.g., CarbFix, Wallula), demonstrating the potential for rapid CO₂ sequestration. However, these tests have been limited to the injection of small quantities of CO₂. Thus, the longevity and feasibility of long-term, large-scale mineralization operations to store the levels of CO₂ needed to address the present climate crisis is unknown. Moreover, CO₂ mineralization in ultramafic rocks, which tend to be more reactive but less permeable, has not yet been quantified. In these systems, fractures are expected to play a crucial role in the flow and reaction of CO₂ within the rock mass and will influence the CO₂ storage potential of the system. Therefore, consideration of fractures is imperative to the prediction of CO₂ mineralization at a specific storage site. In this review, we highlight key takeaways, successes, and shortcomings of CO₂ mineralization pilot tests that have been completed and are currently underway. Laboratory experiments, directed toward understanding the complex geochemical and geomechanical reactions that occur during CO₂ mineralization in fractures, are also discussed. Experimental studies and their applicability to field sites are limited in time and scale. Many modeling techniques can be applied to bridge these limitations. We highlight current modeling advances and their potential applications for predicting CO₂ mineralization in mafic and ultramafic rocks.