Dielectric Surface-Based Biosensors for Enhanced Detection of Biomolecular Interactions: Advances and Applications

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors are extensively utilized for analyzing molecular interactions due to their high sensitivity and label-free detection capabilities. Recent innovations in surface-sensitive biosensors with dielectric surfaces address the inherent limitations associated with traditional gold surfaces, such as thermal effects and biocompatibility issues, which can impede broader applications. This review examines state-of-the-art biosensor configurations, including total internal reflection, optical waveguide, photonic crystal resonators, Bloch surface wave biosensors, and surface electrochemical biosensors, which can enhance analyte signals and augment the molecular detection efficiency at the sensor interface. These technological advancements not only improve the resolution of binding kinetics analysis and single-molecule detection but also extend the analytical capabilities of these systems. Additionally, this review explores prospective advancements in augmenting field enhancement and incorporating multimodal sensing functionalities, emphasizing the significant potential of these sophisticated biosensing technologies to profoundly enhance our understanding of molecular interactions.