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Updated: Jun 6, 2025
Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
Published on: November 10, 2014
Non-Surgical Approaches to the Management of the Intrathoracic Goiter-A Systematic Review
Cesare Miani1,2, Luca Giovanni Locatello1, Nicole Caiazza1
1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Hospital "Santa Maria Della Misericordia", Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Piazzale Santa Maria Della Misericordia 15, 33100 Udine, Italy.
Background:
Intrathoracic goiters (ITGs) are usually managed by surgical excision, However, over recent years, non-surgical strategies are emerging as an alternatives for treating this condition.
Methods:
A systematic review of research published since 2017 in the PubMed database was conducted and a total of 39 articles were retrieved, along with methodological issues and future directions in the research on ITGs.
Results:
Several non-surgical treatments exist, including radio-iodine ablation (RIA) and mini-invasive approaches, such as transcervical microwave ablation (TcMA), transcervical radiofrequency ablation (TcRfA), or selective embolization of the thyroid arteries (SETA). Despite encouraging reports, their current use remains limited.
Conclusions:
Treatment of ITGs requires a multidisciplinary thyroid team, and when non-surgical options are chosen, patients need to be carefully selected, and their outcomes must be prudently considered and discussed with the patient.
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