Domoic Acid: A Review of Its Cytogenotoxicity Within the One Health Approach

Area of Science:

• Environmental toxicology
• Marine biology
• Neuroscience

Background:

• Domoic acid is a naturally occurring marine toxin produced by *Pseudo-nitzschia* diatoms.
• Climate change and water pollution exacerbate algal blooms, increasing domoic acid prevalence.
• The toxin biomagnifies through the food web, impacting ecosystem health and food security.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the toxicological effects of domoic acid, particularly on non-target cells.
• To assess the cytogenetic impacts on human and animal cells.
• To understand domoic acid's role within the One Health framework.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of existing studies on domoic acid's toxicological and cytogenetic effects.
• Analysis of research focusing on *Pseudo-nitzschia* blooms and domoic acid production.
• Examination of domoic acid's impact across different trophic levels and health outcomes.

Main Results:

• Domoic acid targets nervous system receptors, causing amnestic shellfish poisoning.
• Evidence suggests domoic acid can induce oxidative imbalance and DNA damage in cells.
• Cytogenetic effects on non-target human and animal cells are not fully understood but indicate potential harm.

Conclusions:

• Domoic acid presents a significant threat to both ecosystem and human health.
• Early molecular events like DNA damage highlight the need for increased surveillance.
• The One Health approach is crucial for managing domoic acid risks in a changing environment.