The Unmet Needs of Lysosomal Storage Disorders from Early Diagnosis to Caregiving Pathways: An Italian Perspective

Background/Objective: Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a group of rare, inborn, metabolic errors characterized by deficiencies in normal lysosomal function and by the intralysosomal accumulation of undegraded substrates, resulting in the damage of multiple organ systems. The spectrum of clinical manifestations is extremely heterogeneous. LSD diagnosis and management still present many issues. Methods: A group of Italian experts and patients' representatives met to discuss some critical aspects, and among the most impactful are early diagnosis, the transition of the patient from pediatric to adult age, territorial management, and the multidisciplinary approach. Results: Possible solutions to diagnostic delays may be a widespread newborn screening and screening programs on selected populations. The lack of a structured transition process could be helped by the drafting of shared diagnostic and therapeutic care pathways beyond the availability of databases accessible to the different levels that manage a patient. Territorial management could benefit from telemedicine, but a homogeneous diffusion of home therapy, not yet everywhere possible, is essential. A fundamental role is played by the patient associations, which should be increasingly involved in the political choices. It is also crucial to create structured multidisciplinary teams of experts for disease management and comorbidities. A transversal need appears to be greater training on LSDs. In Italy, the "Statement of Udine" was developed to guide further steps towards improvements in inherited metabolic medicine in adults, referencing the experience from the United Kingdom. Conclusions: Much can be done for the early diagnosis and management of LSDs with an effective treatment, but many aspects need improvement for the overall management of the patient. An investment in dedicated resources, formal recognition, and training is needed to address these unmet needs.