Early Diagnosis of Tumorigenesis via Ratiometric Carbon Dots with Deep-Red Emissive Fluorescence Based on NAD⁺...

The early diagnosis of tumorigenesis is crucial for clinical treatment, but the resolution and sensitivity of conventional short-wavelength biomarkers are not ideal because of the complicated interference in living tissue. Herein, a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺)-responsive probe with deep-red emissive ratiometric fluorescence was synthetized as a promising target for energy metabolism patterns during tumorigenesis. Interestingly, the solvents H₃PO₄ and 2,2'-dithiodibenzoic acid enhanced the red emission (640 and 680 nm) of o-phenylenediamine-based carbon dots (CDs), leading to the formation of a nanoscale graphite-like skeleton covered with -P=O, -CONH-, -COOH and -NH₂ on their surfaces. Meanwhile, this method exhibited high sensitivity to the discriminating target NAD⁺, with a detection limit of 63 μM due to the inner filter effect and fluorescence resonance energy transfer process between NAD⁺ and CDs, which is superior to the reported capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatographic detection methods (the reported detection limit was about 0.2 mM) in complex biological samples and even cancer cells. Encouragingly, NAD⁺ significantly promoted nucleus-targeting fluorescence and cell migration compared to GSH and pH stimulation, which were gradually eliminated in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells after 2-deoxy-d-Glucose inhibited the glycolytic phenotype. The proposed method holds great potential for the temporal and spatial resolution of NAD⁺-dependent tumor diagnosis in complex living systems.