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    Mode-pairing quantum key distribution (MP-QKD) offers secure, long-distance communication. This study addresses light source intensity fluctuations in MP-QKD experiments, achieving secure key rates over extended distances.

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    Area of Science:

    • Quantum Information Science
    • Quantum Cryptography
    • Optical Communications

    Background:

    • Mode-pairing quantum key distribution (MP-QKD) is promising for intercity quantum key distribution (QKD) due to high key rates and no phase-locking requirement.
    • Precise control of light source intensity in field MP-QKD experiments presents a significant technical challenge.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the impact of light source intensity fluctuations on the decoy-state MP-QKD protocol.
    • To develop a statistical method for quantifying intensity fluctuations in MP-QKD systems.

    Main Methods:

    • Studied the decoy-state MP-QKD protocol under conditions of light source intensity fluctuations.
    • Proposed and applied a T-distribution-based statistical analysis to determine confidence intervals for intensity fluctuations.
    • Accounted for intensity fluctuations and finite-size effects in field experiments.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved secure key rates of 1.03 × 10-6 bit/pair for a symmetric configuration over 195.8 km.
    • Obtained secure key rates of 3.64 × 10-6 bit/pair for an asymmetric configuration over 127.7 km.
    • Demonstrated the feasibility of MP-QKD over long distances despite intensity fluctuations.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed statistical analysis method effectively quantifies intensity fluctuations in MP-QKD.
    • The decoy-state MP-QKD protocol remains viable for secure, long-distance communication even with intensity variations.
    • This work provides a pathway for robust field implementations of intercity QKD.