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Quantum sensors using nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond achieve high magnetic field sensitivity. Combining spin refrigeration with cavity quantum electrodynamics significantly reduces noise, approaching fundamental limits for magnetometers.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum sensing
  • Solid-state physics
  • Quantum optics

Background:

  • Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are versatile quantum sensors.
  • Cavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED) enhances NV sensor sensitivity, reaching pT-level magnetic field detection.
  • Limitations in NV-cQED sensors include thermal noise and spin saturation effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To overcome limitations in NV-cQED magnetometers by reducing thermal noise and spin saturation.
  • To enhance magnetic field sensitivity by combining spin refrigeration with nonlinear cQED modeling.
  • To explore the potential for near-projection-limited quantum sensing.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized spin refrigeration techniques to cool NV ensembles.
  • Developed comprehensive nonlinear models for cQED sensor operation.
  • Integrated NV ensembles with microwave cavities for enhanced readout.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that optically-polarized NV ensembles act as both sensors and heat sinks for microwave noise.
  • Achieved a broadband magnetic sensitivity of 576 ± 6 fT/√Hz around 15 kHz under ambient conditions.
  • Showcased the potential for future magnetometers with sensitivities approaching 3 fT/√Hz.

Conclusions:

  • Spin refrigeration effectively mitigates thermal noise in NV-cQED sensors.
  • The demonstrated approach significantly enhances magnetic field sensitivity in quantum sensors.
  • This work paves the way for next-generation, high-sensitivity magnetometers operating under ambient conditions.