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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of the Urinary System01:20

Disorders of the Urinary System

237
The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common urinary system disorders. They are caused by bacteria that enter the urethra and can spread to the bladder resulting in cystitis. Pyelonephritis is the result of a UTI that has ascended to the level of the...
237
Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

415
The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
415
Irritable Bowel Syndrome II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Irritable Bowel Syndrome II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Evaluation

141
Irritable Bowel Syndrome II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Evaluation
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is classified into subtypes based on the predominant bowel habits as determined by the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS). The subtypes are:
141
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

328
The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
328
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System01:20

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

331
Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
Prostate disorders are another major concern. These conditions can impair urinary flow due to the prostate's location around the urethra....
331
Infertility in Females01:28

Infertility in Females

280
Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of...
280

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2025

Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing
05:25

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Do We Need to Re-Focus on Functional Female Urethral Disorders in Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction? ICI-RS 2024.

Christopher J Chermansky1, Jeremy L Ockrim2, George Bou Kheir3

  • 1Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

Neurourology and Urodynamics
|November 29, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Optimizing treatment for female functional voiding disorders requires better urethral function assessment. Advances in imaging and functional testing are key to improving outcomes for women with lower urinary tract dysfunction.

Keywords:
detrusor sphincter dyssnergiafemale bladder neck obstructionfemale lower urinary tract dysfunctionfunctional urethral testinghigh tone nonrelaxing sphincter

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Female Pelvic Medicine
  • Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction

Background:

  • Advances in imaging and functional urethral testing offer insights into female continence and voiding.
  • Understanding optimal testing for functional bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) is crucial for effective treatment selection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of female urethral function and dysfunction.
  • To identify future research directions for treating functional female urethral disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Consensus report from the International Consultation on Incontinence-Research Society (ICI-RS) 2024.
  • Discussion focused on female urethral nomenclature, functional assessment modalities, and therapeutic options.

Main Results:

  • Standardized nomenclature for the female urethra was agreed upon.
  • Functional MRI and computer modeling show promise for understanding voiding dysfunction.
  • Current functional urethral assessments (video-urodynamics, UPP, EMG) have limitations; emerging modalities are being explored. Conservative and invasive treatments were discussed, with limited evidence for long-term pharmacologic or botulinum toxin use.
  • The existence and diagnosis of bladder outlet obstruction (BNO) and its surgical treatment were debated.

Conclusions:

  • Improved treatment of female functional storage and voiding disorders hinges on optimal urethral function assessment.
  • Functional MRI, expanded use of UPP and LPP testing, and emerging modalities are important.
  • Preserving urethral function during surgery and addressing psychological comorbidities are critical for managing refractory symptoms.