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Related Concept Videos

Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

3.5K
Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
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Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2025

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data
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De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data

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Translation as a Biosignature.

Jordan M McKaig1, MinGyu Kim2, Christopher E Carr1,2

  • 1School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Astrobiology
|November 29, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers used nanopore technology and machine learning to detect DNA, RNA, and ribosomes, advancing agnostic life detection for potential extraterrestrial biosignatures.

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Area of Science:

  • Astrobiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Machine Learning

Background:

  • Life on Earth uses DNA, RNA, and ribosomes for information storage and translation.
  • Extraterrestrial life may utilize analogous structures for genetic information and cellular machinery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the detection of potential biosignatures like informational polymers and translation apparatuses.
  • To establish a proof of principle for detecting non-terran life using agnostic biosignatures.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a solid-state nanopore to detect DNA, RNA, and ribosomes.
  • Applied machine learning algorithms to distinguish between biomolecule samples and classify new data.

Main Results:

  • Successfully detected DNA, RNA, and ribosomes using nanopore technology.
  • Demonstrated accurate classification of biomolecule samples with machine learning.

Conclusions:

  • Nanopore detection combined with machine learning offers a robust method for identifying potential extraterrestrial biosignatures.
  • Detection of ribosome-like structures could be a sensitive indicator for extant life, complementing other detection methods.