Dissolution and solubility of the calcium-nickel carbonate solid solutions [(Ca_1-xNi_x)CO₃] at 25 °C

A series of the calcium-nickel carbonate solid solutions [(Ca_1-xNi_x)CO₃] were synthesized and their dissolution in N₂-degassed water (NDW) and CO₂-saturated water (CSW) at 25 °C was experimentally investigated. During dissolution of the synthetic solids (Ni-bearing calcite, amorphous Ca-bearing NiCO₃ and their mixtures), the Ni-calcite and the Ca-NiCO₃ dissolved first followed by the formation of the Ni-bearing aragonite-structure phases. After 240-300 days of dissolution in NDW, the water solutions achieved the stable Ca and Ni concentrations of 0.592-0.665 and 0.073-0.290 mmol/L for the solids with lower Ni/(Ca + Ni) mol ratios (X_Ni), or 0.608-0.721 and 0.273-0.430 mmol/L for the solids with higher X_Ni, respectively. After 240-300 days of dissolution in CSW, the water solutions achieved the stable Ca and Ni concentrations of 1.094-3.738 and 0.831-4.300 mmol/L, respectively. For dissolution in NDW and CSW, the mean values of log IAP (Ion activity products) in the final stable state (≈ log K_sp, Solubility product constants) were determined to be - 8.65 ± 0.04 and - 8.16 ± 0.11 for calcite [CaCO₃], respectively; - 8.50 ± 0.02 and - 7.69 ± 0.03 for the synthetical nickel carbonates [NiCO₃], respectively. In respect to the bulk composition of the (Ca_1-xNi_x)CO₃ solid solutions, the final log IAP showed the highest value when X_Ni = 0.10-0.30. Mostly, the mean values of log IAP increased with the increasing X_Ni in respect to the Ni-calcite, the Ni-aragonite and the amorphous Ca-Ni carbonate. The plotting of the experimental data on the Lippmann diagram for the (Ca_1-xNi_x)CO₃ solid solution using the predicted Guggenheim parameters of a₀ = 2.14 and a₁ = - 0.128 from a miscibility gap of X_Ni = 0.238 to 0.690 indicated that the solids dissolved incongruently and the final Ca and Ni concentrations in the water solutions were simultaneously limited by the minimum stoichiometric saturation curves for the Ni-calcite, Ni-aragonite and the amorphous Ca-Ni carbonate. During dissolution in NDW, the Ni²⁺ preferred to dissolve into the water solution and Ca²⁺ preferred to remain in the solid, while during dissolution in CSW for the solids with higher X_Ni, the Ca²⁺ preferred to dissolve into the water solution and Ni²⁺ preferred to remain in the solid. These findings provide valuable insights into understanding the mechanisms governing Ni geochemical cycle in natural environments.