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Super-Intense Geomagnetic Storm on 10-11 May 2024: Possible Mechanisms and Impacts.

S Tulasi Ram1, B Veenadhari1, A P Dimri1

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|December 2, 2024
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The May 10-11, 2024 geomagnetic storm, the second largest ever recorded, severely compressed Earth's magnetosphere. A unique solar wind combination caused intense ring currents and ionospheric disturbances, impacting GPS and radio communications.

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Area of Science:

  • Space Physics
  • Geophysics
  • Solar-Terrestrial Physics

Background:

  • The 10-11 May 2024 geomagnetic storm was one of the most intense in the space era, with Sym-H reaching below -500 nT.
  • This event significantly impacted the entire Geospace due to solar wind energy transfer via radiation and mass coupling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the causes and effects of the extreme geomagnetic storm on 10-11 May 2024.
  • To investigate the compression of the magnetopause and bow shock, and their impact on Earth's environment.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of solar wind data, including Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure (SWDP) and Interplanetary Electric Field (IEF).
  • Utilized magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) models to simulate magnetopause location.
  • Examined ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) and radio blackout data.

Main Results:

  • The dayside magnetopause was compressed below geostationary orbit for approximately 6 hours due to high SWDP (≥15 nPa).
  • The bow shock was also pushed below geostationary orbit for several minutes.
  • A combination of high SWDP and an intense eastward IEF (≥2.5 mV/m) within a super-dense Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejection (ICME) lasting 409 minutes was identified as the key factor for the intense storm.
  • A positive ionospheric storm with over 100% increase in dayside TEC was observed, impacting GPS.
  • An HF radio blackout occurred due to D- and E-region ionization from a preceding solar flare.

Conclusions:

  • The unique solar wind conditions during the 10-11 May 2024 ICME were responsible for the extreme geomagnetic storm.
  • The study highlights the vulnerability of satellite navigation and radio communication systems to severe space weather events.
  • Understanding these events is crucial for space weather forecasting and mitigation strategies.