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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
13.0K
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2025

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

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Getting the right combination to break the epigenetic code.

Seda S Tolu1, Aaron D Viny2, Jennifer E Amengual2

  • 1Division of Hematology and Oncology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. st3406@cumc.columbia.edu.

Nature Reviews. Clinical Oncology
|December 2, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epigenetic therapies show promise in cancer treatment, especially when combined with other drugs. Current combination strategies are most effective in blood cancers, with ongoing research to improve solid tumor outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pharmacology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Epigenetic mechanisms are crucial for cancer progression.
  • Epigenetic agents are FDA-approved for cancer treatment.
  • Single-agent epigenetic therapy efficacy is limited across many cancer types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review clinical advances in epigenetic combination therapies for cancer.
  • To discuss limitations and challenges of these combinatorial strategies.
  • To highlight opportunities for precision medicine in harnessing epigenetic agents.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical data on epigenetic agents in combination therapies.
  • Analysis of epigenetic-epigenetic combinations, and combinations with chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted agents.
  • Discussion of efficacy differences between solid tumors and hematological malignancies.

Main Results:

  • Combination therapies involving epigenetic agents have shown success, particularly in hematological malignancies.
  • Limited efficacy has been observed in patients with solid tumors.
  • Challenges include inherent biological differences and treatment resistance.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic combination therapies offer potential for synergistic activity and overcoming resistance.
  • Success is currently confined to hematological malignancies, necessitating further research for solid tumors.
  • Precision therapy approaches are key to maximizing the clinical benefit of epigenetic agents.