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Updated: Jul 25, 2026
A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
Published on: September 25, 2014
Pediatric Concussion Injuries in Soccer: Emergency Department Trends in the United States From 2012 to 2023
Georgia R Sullivan1, Eugenia A Lin2, Alexander Hoffer2
1Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.
Background:
Because of growing concerns regarding repeated head trauma, in 2016, the United States Soccer Federation (USSF) banned headers for athletes aged ≤10 years and limited athletes aged 11 to 13 years to practicing headers for 30 minutes per week.
Purpose:
To assess whether the USSF header policy was associated with fewer soccer-related concussions after the 2015 season.
Study Design:
Descriptive epidemiology study.
Methods:
A retrospective cohort from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database was assessed. Age, sex, and injury type were extracted for all soccer-related emergency department visits between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2023. Univariate and multiple regression analyses were used to assess concussions as a percentage of all soccer-related injuries based on sex, age group (6-9, 10-13, and 14-17 years), and year. The following time frames were assessed: 2012-2015, 2016-2019, and 2020-2023.
Results:
The proportion of concussions decreased from 8.2% of all soccer-related injuries in 2012-2015 to 6.1% in 2020-2023 (P < .01). The relative risk reduction for soccer-related concussions presenting to an emergency department in 2020-2023 compared with 2012-2015 was 25.6%. Overall, the proportion of concussions among 10- to 13-year-old and 14- to 17-year-old players was higher than for 6- to 9-year-old players (6.6% and 8.9% vs 4.9%, respectively; P < .01). Despite having a lower frequency of soccer-related injuries overall, female players had a greater proportion of concussions than male players (9.6% vs 6.2% of all soccer-related injuries; P < .01). In the multiple regression analysis, injuries that occurred in 2020-2023 were associated with lower odds of concussion compared with 2012-2015 (odds ratio [OR], 0.75 [95% CI, 0.69-0.81]). Compared with 6- to 9-year-old and male players, the 10- to 13-year-old (OR, 1.30 [95% CI, 1.16-1.45]), 14- to 17-year-old (OR, 1.79 [95% CI, 1.61-1.99]), and female players (OR, 1.53 [95% CI, 1.43-1.63]) were associated with higher odds of concussion.
Conclusion:
A 25.6% reduction in the relative risk of presenting to the emergency department with a soccer-related concussion was found when comparing 2020-2023 (after USSF header policy implementation) with 2012-2015 (before policy implementation). The USSF youth soccer header policy may improve player safety by reducing head impacts in the pediatric population.
