Sex Differences in Parkinson's Disease: A Narrative Review

Area of Science:

• Neurology
• Movement Disorders
• Neuroscience

Background:

• Sex differences in movement disorders are increasingly recognized but not widely understood.
• Parkinson's disease (PD) exhibits notable disparities in disability levels between men and women.
• Existing research highlights the need for a comprehensive overview of these sex-based variations.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and synthesize current evidence on sex differences in Parkinson's disease.
• To explore variations in epidemiology, risk factors, genetics, clinical presentation, and treatment responses.
• To briefly discuss the potential role of hormones in these observed differences.

Main Methods:

• Systematic review of multiple scientific databases and journals.
• Analysis of research focusing on sex-specific aspects of Parkinson's disease.
• Inclusion of studies examining epidemiological, clinical, genetic, and therapeutic data.

Main Results:

• Women with PD show a higher propensity for disabling motor complications and non-motor fluctuations.
• Men with PD are at greater risk for cognitive impairment, postural instability, and gait disturbances.
• Significant sex-based differences exist across various PD domains, including risk and phenotype.

Conclusions:

• Acknowledging sex differences in Parkinson's disease is crucial for effective patient care.
• Tailored treatment strategies can be developed by understanding these specific male and female variations.
• Further research into sex differences may lead to improved management and therapeutic outcomes for PD.