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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Highly suppressed solar absorption in a daytime radiative cooler designed by genetic algorithm.

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Researchers developed an eco-friendly multilayer emitter for daytime passive radiative cooling. This selective emitter minimizes solar absorption and maximizes thermal emission, achieving significant sub-ambient cooling under direct sunlight.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • Passive radiative cooling offers a sustainable solution for reducing temperatures without energy consumption.
  • Achieving efficient daytime radiative cooling requires minimizing solar heat gain while maximizing thermal emission.
  • Optimizing multilayer structures is crucial for tailoring optical properties for specific cooling applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and fabricate a selective multilayer emitter for high-performance eco-friendly daytime passive radiative cooling.
  • To minimize solar absorptivity and maximize thermal emissivity through material and thickness optimization.
  • To demonstrate sub-ambient cooling under direct sunlight and evaluate its performance over a diurnal cycle.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a genetic algorithm to optimize the material types and thickness of up to 10 layers in the multilayer structure.
  • Employed a custom objective function to minimize solar absorption in the 0.3-2.5 μm range.
  • Fabricated the designed multilayer structure and experimentally validated its radiative cooling performance.

Main Results:

  • The optimized structure achieved an average solar absorptivity of 5.0% and an average emissivity of 86.0% in the atmospheric transparency window (8-13 μm).
  • Demonstrated a daytime net cooling flux of 84.8 W m⁻² and 70.6 W m⁻² under direct AM 1.5 solar irradiation.
  • Experimental results showed an average temperature reduction of 3.1 °C and a maximum reduction of 6.0 °C over a 72-hour cycle.

Conclusions:

  • The developed selective multilayer emitter enables efficient eco-friendly daytime passive radiative cooling.
  • Optimization of both material composition and layer thickness provides enhanced control over optical properties for radiative cooling.
  • This approach offers a promising pathway for achieving high-performance passive cooling solutions for various applications.