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Multi-photon polymerization using upconversion nanoparticles for tunable feature-size printing.

Qianyi Zhang1, Antoine Boniface1, Virendra K Parashar2

  • 1Laboratory of Applied Photonics Devices, School of Engineering, Institute of Electrical and Micro Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Nanophotonics (Berlin, Germany)
|December 5, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) enable 3D printing with inexpensive lasers by converting near-infrared light to initiate polymerization. Researchers demonstrated control over voxel size, paving the way for micrometer-scale 3D structures.

Keywords:
additive manufacturinghydrogelslight-based 3D printingmulti-photon polymerizationphotopolymerizationupconversion nanoparticle

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • Light-based 3D printing, or photopolymerization, typically uses UV or blue light to solidify resins.
  • Two-photon printing (TPP) offers high resolution but requires expensive femtosecond lasers.
  • Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) can convert near-infrared (NIR) light to visible/UV light, acting as an alternative initiation method.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the multi-photon mechanism of UCNP-initiated photopolymerization.
  • To demonstrate the impact of non-linearity on the 3D printing process using UCNPs.
  • To explore the fine-tuning of printed voxel size by adjusting NIR excitation intensity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized UCNPs to absorb NIR light and initiate photopolymerization.
  • Studied the multi-photon absorption mechanism in the UCNP system.
  • Adjusted NIR excitation power to control voxel size in gelatin-based hydrogels.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that UCNPs enable photopolymerization using continuous-wave NIR lasers.
  • Showed that NIR excitation intensity directly correlates with and allows tuning of voxel size.
  • Achieved control over transverse voxel size (1.3–2.8 μm) and axial voxel size (7.7–59 μm) without altering the polymerization degree.

Conclusions:

  • UCNP-based photopolymerization offers a cost-effective alternative to TPP for high-resolution 3D printing.
  • The ability to tune voxel size by adjusting NIR power provides precise control over 3D structure fabrication.
  • This technology opens new avenues for creating micrometer-feature-sized 3D structures using accessible laser sources.