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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Diagrams02:39

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Phase Diagram01:19

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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

4.2K
Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...
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Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility01:34

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Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...
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Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers
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Observing multifarious topological phase transitions with real-space indicator.

Yong-Heng Lu1,2, Yao Wang1,2, Feng Mei3,4

  • 1Center for Integrated Quantum Information Technologies (IQIT), School of Physics and Astronomy and State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.

Nanophotonics (Berlin, Germany)
|December 5, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers observed topological phase transitions in photonic chips, enabling direct detection of bulk topological changes and edge state creation/destruction. This advances the study of high-order topological phases in engineered materials.

Keywords:
bulk-state-measurementfemtosecond laser direct written latticetopological phase transitiontopological photonics

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Optics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Topological phases offer inherent protection against disorder, demonstrated via edge states in artificial materials.
  • Topological phase transitions are quantum critical phenomena linked to bulk band topology, distinct from symmetry changes.
  • Directly observing bulk topological phase transitions remains a significant experimental challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To theoretically and experimentally demonstrate the direct observation of multifarious topological phase transitions.
  • To utilize a single photonic chip platform for observing transitions between trivial, first-order, and second-order topological phases.
  • To investigate the creation and destruction of topological edge states during these transitions.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a single photonic chip integrating 324 × 33 waveguides.
  • Theoretical modeling and experimental observation of photon evolution in the bulk.
  • Utilizing real-space indicators to detect band gap closure signifying topological phase transitions.
  • Characterization of gapped topological edge states.

Main Results:

  • Direct observation of trivial-to-first-order, trivial-to-second-order, and first-to-second-order topological phase transitions.
  • Detection of transitions via photon evolution in the bulk, correlated with band gap closure.
  • Observation of the creation and destruction of gapped topological edge states linked to phase transitions.
  • Demonstration of a bulk-state-based route for studying high-dimensional and high-order topological features.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a direct, bulk-state-based method for observing topological phase transitions in photonic systems.
  • The engineered photonic chip platform allows for versatile exploration of topological phenomena, including high-order phases.
  • This work opens new avenues for investigating topological mechanisms and applications in artificial materials.