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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

878
In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
878
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
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Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

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A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

1.0K
Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the...
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NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

1.2K
The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

866
NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of...
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Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities
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Through thick and thin: how optical cavities control spin.

Jefferson Dixon1, Feng Pan2, Parivash Moradifar2

  • 1Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, 440 Escondido Mall, 94305, Stanford, CA, USA.

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|December 5, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers explored controlling circularly-polarized light by managing longitudinal symmetry. This breakthrough advances optical communication, quantum technologies, and molecular detection.

Keywords:
chiralityhigh-Qmetasurfacesphotonic crystalsspin

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Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Quantum Information Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Light's interaction with matter reveals color through scattering and absorption.
  • Light's polarization encodes information about matter's symmetry.
  • Circularly-polarized light is crucial in nonlinear optics, quantum photonics, and physical chemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine recent advances in controlling circularly-polarized light.
  • To identify the common principle behind these advances: control of longitudinal symmetry.
  • To explore applications of these symmetry considerations.

Main Methods:

  • Investigating high quality-factor modes in dielectric metasurfaces.
  • Utilizing the finite thickness of metasurfaces to tune modal profiles.
  • Analyzing symmetry principles in light-matter interactions.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that controlling longitudinal symmetry is key to advancing circularly-polarized light manipulation.
  • Showcased how dielectric metasurfaces enable precise control over light polarization.
  • Highlighted the tunability of modal profiles through metasurface thickness.

Conclusions:

  • Judicious control of longitudinal symmetry is fundamental for advanced applications of circularly-polarized light.
  • Dielectric metasurfaces offer a powerful platform for manipulating light polarization.
  • These findings have implications for optical communications, quantum computing, and chemical sensing.