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Updated: Jun 5, 2025

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Combining cognitive and affective factors related to mathematical achievement in 4th graders: A psychological network
Anne H van Hoogmoed1, Paul Adriaanse1, Myrthe Vermeiden1
1Radboud University, Behavioural Science Institute, Thomas van Aquinostraat 4, 6525 GD Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Background:
Development of mathematics is a complex and multidimensional process with many different interacting predictors. This study examined the relations between math achievement and related demographic, domain-general and domain-specific cognitive, and affective variables by using a network approach.
Methods:
Data were gathered from 201 Dutch fourth grade children. A psychological network analysis was used to examine how cognitive variables (i.e. symbolic comparison, non-symbolic comparison, ordering, shifting, inhibition, verbal and visuospatial updating, fluid reasoning), affective variables (i.e. math anxiety and math self-concept), and demographic variables (i.e. SES, age, and gender) are interrelated with arithmetic fluency and mathematical achievement.
Results:
The network showed three subclusters, with domain-specific cognitive and affective factors relating to arithmetic fluency and math achievement. Domain-general and demographic factors were not related to math achievement.
Conclusion:
Network analysis can enhance our understanding of factors relating to mathematical achievement in children, potentially leading to more personalized approaches to math interventions.
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