Experimental Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Conference Key Agreement

Quantum networks aim to enable quantum information tasks among multiple parties. Quantum conference key agreement (QCKA) is a typical task in quantum networks, which distributes information-theoretically secure keys among multiple users. However, QCKA relying on directly distributing Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states over long distances faces significant challenges due to the fragility of these states. Measurement-device-independent QCKA (MDI-QCKA) based on distributing the postselected GHZ entanglement can address this issue and eliminate all loopholes in detection side channels. Here, by developing three-photon GHZ interference technology with high visibility among three independent coherent sources, we realized the first MDI-QCKA experiment over a 60 km fiber link, achieving a secret key rate of 45.5  bits/s. Our result represents a significant step towards practical long-distance QCKA using realistic devices. Moreover, the technology we developed opens the way to future multiparty quantum communications in quantum networks.