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Updated: Jun 5, 2025

Pairwise Growth Competition Assay for Determining the Replication Fitness of Human Immunodeficiency Viruses
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(R)evolution of Viruses: Introduction to biothermodynamics of viruses
Marko E Popović1, Vojin Tadić2, Marta Popović3
1University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Njegoševa 12, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
Abstract:
As of 26 April 2024, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses has registered 14690 virus species. Of these, only several dozen have been chemically and thermodynamically characterized. Every virus species is characterized by a specific empirical formula and thermodynamic properties - enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs energy. These physical properties are used in a mechanistic model of virus-host interactions at the cell membrane and in the cytoplasm. This review article presents empirical formulas and Gibbs energies for all major variants of SARS-CoV-2. This article also reports and suggests a mechanistic model of evolutionary changes, with the example of time evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from 2019 to 2024.
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