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Related Concept Videos

Ribosomes01:27

Ribosomes

67.3K
Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
Ribosome Structure and Assembly
Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome...
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Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
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Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
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Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

6.2K
In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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Endoplasmic Reticulum01:39

Endoplasmic Reticulum

94.1K
The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) in eukaryotic cells is a substantial network of interconnected membranes with diverse functions, from calcium storage to biomolecule synthesis. A primary component of the endomembrane system, the ER manufactures phospholipids critical for membrane function throughout the cell. Additionally, the two distinct regions of the ER specialize in the manufacture of specific lipids and proteins.
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The Nucleolus02:55

The Nucleolus

8.7K
The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2025

Rapid Isolation of the Mitoribosome from HEK Cells
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Rapid Isolation of the Mitoribosome from HEK Cells

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Let's (P-s)talk about specialized ribosomes.

Robert F Harvey1, Tuija Pöyry1, Anne E Willis1

  • 1MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK.

Molecular Cell
|December 6, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Cytokines trigger the creation of P-stalk-containing ribosomes (PSRs). These PSRs are key players in altering protein production during immune responses.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Cytokines are crucial signaling molecules in immune responses.
  • Translational control is vital for cellular function and adaptation.
  • Ribosome heterogeneity can impact protein synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of P-stalk-containing ribosomes (PSRs) in cytokine-mediated cellular responses.
  • To understand how PSRs contribute to translational reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of ribosome populations after cytokine stimulation.
  • Characterization of P-stalk-containing ribosomes (PSRs).

Main Results:

  • A subpopulation of P-stalk-containing ribosomes (PSRs) is generated upon cytokine exposure.

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Isolation of Translating Ribosomes Containing Peptidyl-tRNAs for Functional and Structural Analyses
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Single Molecule Fluorescence Energy Transfer Study of Ribosome Protein Synthesis
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Last Updated: Jun 5, 2025

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  • PSRs are implicated as central mediators in the immune response.

    • Conclusions:

    • PSRs are a newly identified component of the cellular response to cytokines.
    • These ribosomes play a significant role in translational reprogramming during immune signaling.