Vascular fibrosis and extracellular matrix remodelling in post-COVID 19 conditions

Causal associations between viral infections and acute myocardial injury are not fully understood, with mechanisms potentially involving direct cardiovascular involvement or systemic inflammation. This review explores plausible mechanisms of vascular fibrosis in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome, focusing on extracellular matrix remodelling. Despite global attention, significant mechanistic or translational breakthroughs in the management of post-viral syndromes remain limited. No effective pharmacological or non-pharmacological interventions are currently available for patients experiencing persistent symptoms following COVID-19 infection. The substantial expansion of scientific knowledge resulting from collaborative efforts by medical experts, scientists, and government organisations in undertaking COVID-19 research could inform treatment strategies for other post-viral syndromes and respiratory illnesses. There is a critical need for clinical trials to evaluate potential therapeutic candidates, providing evidence to guide treatment decisions for post-COVID-19 syndromes.