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Updated: Jun 5, 2025

Bacterial Leaf Infiltration Assay for Fine Characterization of Plant Defense Responses using the Arabidopsis thaliana-Pseudomonas syringae Pathosystem

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Triple interactions for induced systemic resistance in plants.

Jihye Jung¹, Seongho Ahn¹, Do-Hyun Kim¹

¹Division of Agricultural Microbiology, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea.

Frontiers in Plant Science

|December 9, 2024

Summary

Plant growth-promoting microbes (PGPM) activate induced systemic resistance (ISR) in plants. This review explores how PGPM and above-ground attackers interact to enhance plant defenses against pathogens.

Keywords:

induced systemic resistance insect pathogen plant defense mechanism root exudates

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Published on: July 22, 2017

Area of Science:

Plant Pathology
Microbiology
Agriculture

Background:

Induced systemic resistance (ISR) is a plant defense mechanism primed by rhizosphere stimuli and activated by subsequent infections.
Plant growth-promoting microbes (PGPM), such as Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Trichoderma, are key biological factors contributing to ISR.
ISR mechanisms involve complex interactions between plants, microbes, and pathogens, influencing plant resilience.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the mechanisms of plant ISR, focusing on triple inter-organism interactions.
To provide molecular evidence for the steps involved in ISR triggered by various stimuli.
To elucidate the interplay between above-ground attackers, host plants, and rhizosphere microbes in plant defense.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on induced systemic resistance (ISR) and plant growth-promoting microbes (PGPM).
Analysis of molecular evidence for plant defense mechanisms.
Examination of interactions between above-ground attackers, host plants, and rhizosphere microbial communities.

Main Results:

Beneficial rhizosphere microbes (PGPM) enhance plant resistance to above-ground pathogens and insect infestations.
Above-ground pathogen attacks can lead to 'soil legacy effects,' increasing beneficial microbes in the rhizosphere.
Above-ground stimuli can recruit PGPM, which in turn influence plant defense responses against subsequent infections.

Conclusions:

ISR is an active defense strategy involving a four-step mechanism: above-ground attackers, host plants, rhizosphere microbes, and subsequent attacks.
Understanding these triple inter-organism interactions is crucial for harnessing PGPM in sustainable agriculture.
This review highlights the complex, multi-trophic interactions that underpin plant defense systems.